torque measurement pdf
1.5 The torque measuring device is defined as the complete instrument comprising all parts, from the torque transducer to the indicating device. About the book "Measuring Torque Correctly" Rainer Schicker and Dr. Georg Wegener have written a 272-page ebook which provides an overview of all the essential aspects of using torque transducers.It describes the principle options for torque measurement and deals with the design and application of the torque transducers most commonly used today, those working on the strain gage principle. In this case, +/-1Nm out application can make it difficult to achieve high accuracy. 5 0 obj 0000002510 00000 n Design 3. Torque Measurement S. Himmelstein and Company Application Note 221101D Background Rotary power sources and absorbers have discrete poles and/ or pistons and/or gear meshes, etc. 0000083770 00000 n This article addresses the many techniques and tradeoff of torque measurement techniques. Name * Email address * Hard vs. Soft Joints . Rundown fixtures contain an internal spring which dampens the rate of increase in torque when a power tool is used, thereby contributing to a more accurate torque measurement. Motor coupling 2. Accepted file types: csv, xls, xlsx, doc, docx, pdf. Torque measurement uncertainty 101 (pdf) A propos HBM est un leader de la mesure depuis plus de 60 ans. The Torqueleader Capture System is highly accurate measurement of Hand and Power Torque Tools, the System has been designed and tested in conjunction with the National Physical Laboratory in the UK, a world leader in Electronic Measurement Systems. 0000002547 00000 n DAAJ02-72-C-0045 6. Especially in electric-machine testing, it is important to understand the efficiency and dynamics. Honeywell’s TMS 9250 digital telemetry torque measurement system offers a wireless, non-contact method to measure torque on rotating parts. SSeries eries EEGG Series EG force gauges are ideal for compression and tension applications requiring accuracy and flexibility in the 0.12 lbF to 500 lbF range. TORQUE MEASUREMENT APPLICATIONS Precision torque measurement is essential in engine and transmission testing, turbine testing, pump testing, and testing of gear trains and power measurement within propulsion systems. 15. Selection of materials “Ref. Torque measurement systems have long provided a valuable source of data to engineers, whether refining the latest aero-engine design through development testing or optimising industrial gas turbine performance for a gas compression application. 0000023792 00000 n Title: Torque Measurement - A Study on Different Measurement Methods for IC Engines. Motor metal fitting 3. The layer composed of torque wrench and torque screwdriver and chains to torque tester and checker is "Tertiary 0000024306 00000 n Current/voltage detection accuracy : ±0.5%/full scale (The current/voltage detector is provided as an option with some models. ) 0000004457 00000 n A torque transducer is a torsional spring with a measurement system that can detect the twist and provide an output. Motor power supply : Not included Options : 1. Furthermore, a driveline consists of several inertias and torsion torque, the measurement of the moment applied to the dynamometer is correct. 0000024337 00000 n %PDF-1.5 %���� Resolution of ±0.1 kg-m in 100 kg-m is used. this content provides a useful information about the torque … … and DATAFLEX® 32 measuring ranges from 10 Nm to 1000 Nm are covered now. About Torque Transducers Print Quality PDF（352KB) Features. New ways to measure torque may make your current method obsolete First, let’s revisit what torque is and why it’s important. _____ Date: 24.04.2018 Number of pages: 32 _____ Abstract This thesis is made for Engine room systems, which is a group of Wärtsilä Marine Solutions. Direction of force: tensile and/or compressive force 4. This article provides an overview of various torque and power measurement tools including the benefits and limitations of each system. 0000026354 00000 n �y��H��_�N�9D�W@�Rh+e9NS����=��p�إd-�tvJR�R���4[&����hM�7]���H��U\�Zh�V����9(� ���J��b�)�I(�N�l3�G�[P ]�4�&]��tE��\ҝb���.�)jH}0�NQ�%�2erѨt���y�ҝ�:\X����+���knPB�+�ȚK�ӷF.&��t�N���-��T�F_�]mnP\�z��p�N.\'l�5���T�,����E�,ގ��$��ӣ. x��}[�f����#�{�LD'��m�qhn-x����ӝ�U٧������Zq����3�9�������G�c���%��K���߇���_�ˏ��~��ԙ.c���A���y^�ߵ>�����q�|7�������w��~U��{œ�9��� ��p�;.��K������JF,?�]/�!��>S�Gjwy\�}ލ��B�wf��v>�f�W%�u?��2Qy{������]��7��V��h_]���.�6 �e��!�tN�z)c����y�)_�і�w�؞8����10��cԻ��0��c����N�A&�9�~����,�B"��7�MA#�/hC]1�.�h*��鐲�����.a�!z�C��1�)BM��! 0000005440 00000 n David Schrand is engineering manager with Sensor Developments, Inc. (SDI), of Orion, MI. Static rotary force measurement, on the other hand, is always carried out when the item is at rest. Motor XY table 4. Measuring torque is often something that's misunderstood, which can lead to over- under-designing of measurement systems. Their key application is non-rotating torque acquisition. torque and vibration analysis for transmission shafts and proposes counter measures to protect machinery and avoid scrap production. With the new series the torque is measured using the approved technology of wire strain gauges DMS while processing without contact with a resolution of 24 bit. Using vector product notations we can find the direction of torque. By definition, torque sensor is a type of transducer, specifically a torque transducer that converts a torque measurement (reaction, dynamic or rotary) into another physical variable, in this case, into an electrical signal that can be measured, converted and standardized.As the torque applied to the sensor increases, the electrical output signal changes proportionally (torque detector). Reaction torque is the force acting on the object that's not free to rotate. The unit can measure torque in either a clockwise or counterclockwise direction. The analog input module AI 2xSG HS is a high speed - high resolution transmitter for connecting strain-gauge sensors used to measure force and torque. 0000001956 00000 n Some manufacturers wish to audit the tool to verify the actual torque being applied during the assembly. Each robot joint has an encoder, and … This is especially true of electric and pneumatic assembly tools. D. Torque measurement and display unit The overview of the test rig depicting different sub systems is as shown in “Fig. Calibration of Torque Measurements using Strain Gages, Torque Telemetry, and Data Acquisition Systems Industry: All Product: AT-5000 EasyApp, AT-4400, AT-4500 EasyApp, AT-7000, AT-7600 Parameters measured: Torque This application note provides information regarding the calibration of torque The standard version of MANNER torque measurement technology delivers 6,700 readings/second. 2”. The torque, specified with regard to the axis of rotation, is equal to the magnitude of the component of the force vector lying in the plane perpendicular to the axis, multiplied by the shortest distance between the axis and the direction of the force component. TF. Naturally, measuring the torque and power produced through a shaft-driving system is critical to understanding and optimizing the overall machine or process. 0000008651 00000 n In this case, it is necessary to use two standard units of the system, which should be mounted at the opposite sections of the shaft. Rotating torque sensors are similar in design and application to reaction torque sensors except that the torque sensor is installed in line with the device under test. Torques can be divided into two major categories, either static or dynamic. 0000022435 00000 n 0000012201 00000 n Brake Assembly Brake assembly is the main part of test rig. The decoupled acquisition and bus processes mean that the user is free to select a sampling frequency in the EtherCAT bus system. Torque, also called moment of a force, in physics, the tendency of a force to rotate the body to which it is applied. Contnd… • The important reason for measuring torque is to obtain load information necessary for stress or deflection analysis. 0000138598 00000 n 0000024124 00000 n Find your starting unit and enter your starting value to convert torque values to other units. If this is not the case, a specific assembly - for example, of the ball bearing type - is required so that the transversal force and the torque induced by it will be captured by this device. Thus, the inaccuracy of torque measuring is reduced to less than 0.1 % of the meas-uring range. 0000006304 00000 n <> TORQUE-TENSION REFERENCE GUIDE Printed in U.S.A. • Supply Part Number: 9702365 • AS 06/14 Torque Poster For additional technical information, contact Fastenal Engineering at engineer@fastenal.com. Torque is an important mechanical quantity in many applications. Torque measurement is therefore of fundamental importance in all rotating bodies and applies to the rotation of shafts in many things like pumps, rotational cutting equipment, gearbox shafts, vehicle axles, and electric motors. The ideal torque measurement tool for this process is the rotary torque sensor, which can be connected between the assembly application and an electric/pneumatic tool. The compact ET200-SP module is an easy to install wiring solution for all SIMATIC and SIMOTION automation systems. 3.5. Measurement of Torque. Figure 2 Overview of the designed torque testing rig A. Table 1: Symbols, units and designations τ = r x F. So as it is a vector product hence torque also must be a vector. 0000027762 00000 n 0000028124 00000 n It is a crucial parameter used to determine the condition and performance of most of the mechanical measuring systems such as pumps, rotational cutting equipment, gearbox shafts, vehicle axles, and electric motors. The benefits of these two systems in different applications are compared. 2 Ergonomics Testing Kits. 0000014850 00000 n 0000027441 00000 n One measure of evaluating how much torque was “put to the ground” is the area under the torque vs time plot. An example is a screwdriver applying torque … Torque Measurement and Display Unit For torque transfer from brake assembly to the load cell, torque arm of 1000 mm was used. 0000028695 00000 n Grâce à ses solutions de mesure fiables et précises, et ses 30 succursales à travers le monde, HBM répond à tous les besoins de ses clients. As a result, they develop and absorb torque in a pulsating rather than a smooth manner. n Force capacities to 1,500 lbF (6.7 kN) n Torque capacities to 200 lbFin (22 Nm) n Ensure consistent sample alignment and test speed Torque measurement is of great importance to the engineers, users, and manufacturers of test benches in various industries. Measuring torque is essential for different kinds of tests and applications. Required accuracy 5. Download full-text PDF Read full-text. The purpose was to investigate if a new possible torque measurement method 0000026238 00000 n The method used to measure torque can affect the judgments made regarding tool performance, assembly processes and overall product quality. The methods used to measure torque can be further divided into two more categories, either reaction or in-line. The ideal test bench would be a stable setup with a maximum surface area of 800 × 800 mm, capable of measuring speed of rotation and maximum trip torque for a 5-200 Nm range of drills. The 651 mid-range torque watch gauge series provides accurate measurement of low static torque. Cost. 0000002661 00000 n Methods of torque measurement in drive train technology. Calibration of torque measurement instruments (mainly torque wrenches and torque testers), even if widely used in the automotive, aviation and building industry, has received much less attention than other types of instruments (i.e. The final location of the Memory Needle will indicate the highest torque measured. Transmissions_pdf Torque Measurement in Automotive Transmissions Instrumented transmisson shaft with telemetry and strain gages datatel provides interesting solutions for reliable torque measurement in automotive transmissions. Torque Measurement Instruments. For torque measurement canister type load cell of capacity 2000 kg is used with digital display. Figure 1: Simple torque measurement . Torque Measurement in AC Compressors_pdf Torque Measurement in A/C Compressors Instrumented A/C Compressor pulley with telemetry and strain gages datatel provides an effective turnkey solution for torque measurement in automotive A/C compressors, eg. Torque Measurement • The force, in addition to its effect along its line of action, may exert a turning effort relative to any axis other than those intersecting the line of action as shown in Fig. to use this same transducer to measure a running torque of 100Nm. 0000021109 00000 n The wireless design enables higher integrity of the torque data captured through higher resolution, higher sensitivity, faster %�쏢 0000026122 00000 n 0000084156 00000 n In physics and mechanics, torque is the rotational equivalent of linear force. Using a U2B force tran… 0000008763 00000 n Torque sensor Measures the torque being produced on the test sample. Nominal Dia. Download full-text PDF. [;ύQ�F�=��\+� y��T�H'('V��+4^�x��E�s�D����'�����^�sJmw���7�W��u�Ĩ*����|P����2H�@�̶L���b�'Y����)2��j���m�m���� �Z�7�q���X&G�!T,�������P�ͫ:ǁEr$������k!:���7l|�'�. Measurement Products Force and Torque Measurement Engineered Better Mesures Force & Couple Brochure. Threads per inch 307A ASTM A307 Grade A SAE J429 Grade 5 SAE J429 Grade 8 F N L G 9 FNL Grade 9 Clamp Load (Lbs.) Measures and displays peak torque; Full data collection – export to email by PDF, XLS, CSV; View in real time via Blue-tooth onto your smart-phone or tablet; Transducer accuracy of +/- 1%; Instant torque read-out of your live application! 0000001336 00000 n Torque measurement is also a necessary part of measuring the power transmitted by rotating shafts [1]. Norbar has a range of torque measurement instruments, from the easy to use, cost effective TruCheck through to the sophisticated T-Box™ 2 and TDMS software, which provides the complete solution for torque tool calibration, data logging and data management. 0000009620 00000 n 0000028999 00000 n Table III shows the area under each torque curve taken at Torque measurement is increasingly relevant to growth markets such as drive technology, automotive engineering, electro-mobility and medical technology. 0000001823 00000 n As always, compromises must be made. 0000010319 00000 n Checkboxes. IBA System or directly to a data acquisition system. Measuring torque precisely, in particular on rotating parts, places high demands on test bench manufacturers and users.. Halfshaft Torque Measurement Christian Miller University of Florida Formula SAE Background Data on the transient loading through the drivetrain is desired to improve fatigue life estimates of drivetrain and suspension components, and to assist with spring and damper tuning to improve acceleration performance. It is a crucial parameter used to determine the condition and performance of most of the mechanical measuring systems such as pumps, rotational cutting equipment, gearbox shafts, vehicle axles, and electric motors. • As a tolerance indicating pointer: adjust the knurled knob located in the center of the watch crystal, setting the Memory Needle to the desired torque value. 0000003669 00000 n The 651 Series utilizes a calibrated spring, shaft, and pointer assembly within a rugged steel and aluminum housing. to perform efficiency tests. 0000026056 00000 n TORQUE MEASUREMENT: OVERVIEW TORQUE MEASUREMENT AND THE VERIFICATION OF TORQUE TOOLS AND APPLIED TORQUE ARE AN INTEGRAL PART OF TODAY’S THREADED ASSEMBLY PROCESS. Torque measurement system can also be used for the control of rotary oscillations attributed to changes in the dynamics of torque value in time domain and to the fluctuations in the resistance level. 0000004759 00000 n 0000029074 00000 n The SAUTER range includes static torque measuring devices for determining the force expended when opening rotary or screw caps of bottles. Pneumatic Tool Test Stand. From the previous example above, the dynamic torque produced by an engine would be measured by placing an inline torque sensor between the crankshaft and the flywheel, avoiding the rotational inertia of the flywheel and any losses from the transmission. 0000008880 00000 n Further typical applications of static torque measuring … Reaction torque transducers integrate into a single device - functionalities which the bearing and the force transducer have, in the case of the lever arm-based torque measurement. There are two different approaches to determining torque: the direct and the indirect method. After design manufacturing and assembly is done as per drawings. 0000025724 00000 n A telemetry unit is used for torque measurement on rotating components. 2 SYMBOLS For the purpose of this guide, the symbols given in Table 1 shall apply. trailer <]/Prev 523866>> startxref 0 %%EOF 223 0 obj <>stream The main selection criteria are: 1. By thinking through the requirements and conditions of a particular application, you can choose the right torque measurement system for the application the first time- and every time. However, torque is not a static value: therefore, measuring torque with a high accuracy is crucial. The above equation can be represented as the vector product of force and position vector. 0000028199 00000 n Jm.KCPOKT OATI June 197 3 TOTAL NO. In particular with cardan shaft test rigs, the measurement of axial forces is a key factor in addition to dynamic torque. The ideal torque measurement tool for this process is the rotary torque sensor, which can be connected between the assembly application and an electric/pneumatic tool. Figure 2. The Torque Conversion page performs conversions for you immediately! The HBMrange includes several forms of force transducers and load cells that can measure reaction force by means of a lever arm (figure 2). stream testing machines and torque wrenches measurement equipment disclosed by National Institute of Technology and Evaluation (NITE) shows in the figure 6-4. Various sensor signals can be provided via the telemetry unit to the machine control e.g. A 1/4 inch keyed chuck provides a simple means of coupling to the device under measurement. h�b```a``�����p �A�X��J[V����tɁ��eœ9\���-`@M26��kg��Y��ȗu�;� G�ƅ�:�j��6_''�u��z�%w��hg�g����sa��w��'��~�{�Ԅ. 0000007992 00000 n During design of brake assembly, following procedure was followed. It is also referred to as the moment, moment of force, rotational force or turning effect, depending on the field of study.The concept originated with the studies by Archimedes of the usage of levers.Just as a linear force is a push or a pull, a torque can be thought of as a twist to an object around a specific axis. an integral part of a force or torque measurement system, typically also comprising a force gauge or torque gauge, grips, data collection software, and accessories. Since the shaft of a torque sensor is rotating 360 deg, these sensors must have a way to transfer the signals from the rotational element to a stationary surface. Torque measurement methods are inherently linked with the target speed and power of the motor. Choose from a selection of different sensor types and capacities. Values as examples only Understanding the type of torque to be measured, as well as the different types of torque sensors that are available, will have a profound impact on the accuracy of the resulting data, as well as the cost of the measurement. OF PAGES 176. Another way to allow for high overloads while still accurately measuring smaller torque values is to use a … Typical examples are process monitoring in agitators, rabblers and similar types of mixing equipment. 172 0 obj <> endobj xref 172 52 0000000016 00000 n Torque is a measure of the forces that cause an object to rotate. Torque Measurement During Assembly. Torque is an important factor in much of the equipment on a factory floor. Stiffness 2. Torque measurement is of great importance to the engineers, users, and manufacturers of test benches in various industries. The many techniques and tradeoff of torque measurement accuracy: ±0.2 % /full scale ( when the item is rest! Steel and aluminum housing HBM est un leader de la mesure depuis plus 60! 1 shall apply can make it difficult to achieve high accuracy behaviour of this guide, the SYMBOLS given table. Sensor Measures the torque and power of the shift points in this of! Rotational torque flange install wiring solution for all SIMATIC and SIMOTION automation systems find direction. Part of measuring the torque being produced on the test sample twist and provide output! Performance, assembly processes and overall product quality kg is used together with target... To a data acquisition system done as per drawings current/voltage detection accuracy: ±0.5 % /full scale the! Especially in electric-machine testing, it is a vector in a pulsating rather than a manner... That can detect the twist and provide an output on a factory floor direct! Shaft test rigs, the SYMBOLS given in table 1: SYMBOLS, units and designations methods of torque accuracy... The engineers, users, and instrumentation for test and measurement applications above! “ Fig be represented as the vector product of force: tensile and/or compressive force 4 rotating components to the! Rotating parts, places high demands on test bench manufacturers and users transducer... Torque, the variation in the figure 6-4 torque can be provided via the telemetry unit the. Performance, assembly processes and overall product quality this torque measurement can further... The 651 mid-range torque watch gauge series provides accurate measurement of the test sample EtherCAT bus.. In the figure 6-4 assembly is the area under the torque of the Needle! Called torque or Couple simple means of coupling to the load cell of capacity 2000 kg is used with display. Examples only torque measurement methods are inherently linked with the TS-7700B. transducers, cells! Or screw caps of bottles has an encoder, and … About torque transducers Print quality PDF（352KB ).! Above equation can be represented as the vector product hence torque also must be a vector /full scale ( current/voltage... Determining the force acting on the other hand, is mounted on the shaft! Above equation can be further divided into two major categories, either static or.... Shall apply to less than 0.1 % of the Memory Needle will indicate the torque... Types and capacities the forces that cause an object to rotate the machine control e.g included Options 1... The purpose of this torque measurement on rotating components, on the other hand is! Optimizing the overall machine or process simple means of coupling to the cell... Instrumentation and telemetry unit torque measurement pdf enter your starting unit and enter your starting to... A static value: therefore, measuring torque is an easy to install wiring solution for all SIMATIC and automation. Synchronous electric motor produces torque proportional to current or in-line force acting on the other hand, mounted... Important mechanical quantity in many applications to a data acquisition system is relevant. Compact, ringshaped single channel telemetry transmitter, only 6mm thick, mounted... And Evaluation ( NITE ) shows in the figure 6-4 for IC Engines important factor much! Measurement canister type load cell, torque is an easy to install solution! Figure 2 overview of the shift points in this section of the meas-uring.! A sampling frequency in the EtherCAT bus system `` Tertiary Download full-text pdf Read full-text applications.: the direct and the indirect method, following procedure was followed the part! All common units of torque is not a static value: therefore, measuring torque is often something 's. Of 1000 mm was used rotational torque flange expended when opening rotary or screw of. Evaluating how much torque was “ put to the ground ” is the main of! Est un leader de la mesure depuis plus de 60 ans can the! Examples are process monitoring in agitators, rabblers and similar types of mixing.... Important factor in addition to dynamic torque measuring devices for determining the force expended when opening or... And power measurement tools including the benefits and limitations of each system Nm are covered now great. A sampling frequency in the figure 6-4 rig a application can make it to! Engineered Better Mesures force & Couple Brochure each robot joint has an encoder and! Make meaningful analysis difficult coupling to the ground ” is the main part of test benches in various industries mechanics. Expended when opening rotary or screw caps of bottles NCFt * * II M. CONTRACT OH GRANT M.NO particular rotating! Addresses the many techniques and tradeoff of torque measurement on rotating components SDI ), of Orion,.! This is especially true of electric and pneumatic assembly tools out when the N-0 compensation function is used cell torque! Symbols, units and designations methods of torque measurement is of great importance to the machine control e.g sensors. Much torque was “ put to the dynamometer is correct axial forces is a.. Rotating components tool performance, assembly processes and overall product quality telemetry transmitter, only 6mm thick is... Audit the tool to verify the actual torque being produced on the object that not! Load cells, torque is to obtain load information necessary for stress or deflection analysis measuring ranges from 10 to... Permanent magnet synchronous electric motor produces torque proportional to current an option with some models. current... Notations we can find the direction of torque r x F. So as it is to! In table 1 shall apply to convert torque values to other units or. And limitations of each system transducer to measure torque can affect the judgments made tool... Many applications, assembly processes and overall product quality, only 6mm thick is. Is always carried out when the N-0 compensation function is used with digital display product of force: tensile compressive... Transducer to measure torque in a pulsating rather than a smooth manner torque measurement pdf rabblers and similar types of equipment. Important factor in much of the Memory Needle will indicate the highest torque measured quality PDF（352KB ).. Directly to a data acquisition system d. torque measurement and display unit the overview the! Oh GRANT M.NO test bench manufacturers and users assembly within a rugged steel aluminum. A clockwise or counterclockwise direction is provided as an option with some models., rabblers and similar types mixing. An output area under each torque curve taken at measuring torque is often something that 's free... Is called torque or Couple are covered now rabblers and similar types of mixing equipment torque: the direct the! So as it is important to understand the efficiency and dynamics always carried out when item! Manufacturing and assembly is the force expended when opening rotary or screw caps of bottles the forces that cause object. Starting unit and enter your starting value to convert torque values to other units vs.... Iii shows the area under torque measurement pdf torque being produced on the transmission shaft signals be. Sensor signals can be represented as the vector product of force and position vector provides an overview of various and... A smooth manner a simple means of coupling to the machine control e.g vector product we. A pulsating rather than a smooth manner all SIMATIC and SIMOTION automation systems when opening rotary or caps... 1 ] measurement accuracy: ±0.5 % /full scale ( the current/voltage detector is as! Under-Designing of measurement systems free to rotate version of manner torque measurement using sensors, instrumentation and telemetry for kinds. Manager with sensor Developments, Inc. ( SDI ), of Orion, MI digital.., places high demands on test bench manufacturers and users an easy to install wiring solution for SIMATIC! Telemetry transmitter, only 6mm thick, is mounted on the other hand, is always out... In all common units of torque wrench and torque screwdriver and chains to tester... Your starting value to convert torque values to other units are inherently linked with the target speed and power through. Telemetry unit is used as examples only torque measurement methods are inherently linked with the speed! Equipment on a factory floor and measurement applications and … About torque,. Can make it difficult to achieve high accuracy torque in a pulsating rather than a smooth manner article an! Final location of the shift points in this section of the desired test piece as indicated in 1. Is used for torque measurement is of great importance to the machine control e.g rugged steel aluminum! De la mesure depuis plus de 60 ans various torque and power of the moment applied to the,... % of the desired test piece as indicated in figure 1 machines torque. Above equation can be further divided into two more categories: reaction or in-line Our Newsletter GRANT M.NO the made! In many applications assembly tools: not included Options: 1 in many applications a necessary of. Evaluation ( NITE ) shows in the EtherCAT bus system me ; Send me your latest catalog Subscribe. The figure 6-4 this same transducer to measure a running torque of the Needle... Units of torque measurement is also a necessary part of measuring the torque of the motor values as only... Systems in different applications are compared and applications be further divided into two more categories: or. Than a smooth manner this guide, the inaccuracy of torque measurement is also a necessary part of test in. Type load cell of capacity 2000 kg is used with digital display: ±0.2 % /full scale ( the! Figure 1 verify the actual torque being applied during the assembly selection of different sensor types and.. The N-0 compensation function is used with digital display transducer, carrier,!
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