structure and uses of tetrachloroethylene
tetrachloroethylene (countable and uncountable, plural tetrachloroethylenes) A chlorocarbon with the formula C 2 Cl 4, often used in dry cleaning. "Reports of human injury are uncommon despite its wide usage in dry cleaning and degreasing".[8]. Tetrachloroethylene /was reportedly/ recovered in hen eggs at a rate of 0.6%, when the hens were repeatedly exposed via the feed. Breaking capsules in mouth has produced ataxia, convulsions, and anesthesia. Download footage now! Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. III. A tentative calculation ... indicated that, at the end of an 8 hr shift with exposure to tetrachloroethylene at 50 ppm (TWA), 38% of the tetrachloroethylene absorbed through the lung would be exhaled unchanged and less than 2% would be metabolized to be excreted into the urine, while the rest would remain in the body to be eliminated later. CRC Handbook of Analytical Toxicology. A minor fraction of the ingested dose was excreted with the urine (integral of 1% during the first 3 days). Tetrachloroethylene is an excellent solvent for organic materials. [9] Like many chlorinated hydrocarbons, tetrachloroethylene is a central nervous system depressant and can enter the body through respiratory or dermal exposure. Most radioactivity was found in body fat, kidneys, and liver of rats. Tetrachloroethylene has continued to be used in small animals over the years but has been largely replaced by drugs that are less toxic & easier to admin. Tetrachloroethene is found in consumer products, including some paint and spot removers, water repellents, brake and wood cleaners, glues, and suede protectors. Substances that increase the risk of NEOPLASMS in humans or animals. For the structure and properties of tetrachloroethylene, see Table 1. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1975., p. 1031. WHO; Environmental Health Criteria Document No. Other names for tetrachloroethene include PERC, tetrachloroethylene, perchloroethylene, and PCE. Differences as high as 20% were often found in the physiological parameters, including differences in average body weight, tissue volumes, and blood flows. Find patient medical information for Tetrachloroethylene Topical on WebMD including its uses, side effects and safety, interactions, pictures, warnings and user ratings. Tetrachloroethylene was once extensively used as an intermediate in the manufacture of HFC-134a and related refrigerants. Noun . [7], The acute toxicity of tetrachloroethylene "is moderate to low". Degradation products observed in a laboratory include phosgene, trichloroacetyl chloride, hydrogen chloride, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide. This pattern is consistent with formation of the toxic intermediate in the primary metabolic pathway of each compound. Arena, J.M. 1.4 Uses Tetrachloroethylene is mainly used as a solvent in dry cleaning and metal cleaning. Available from, as of September 20, 2010: http://www.inchem.org/pages/cicads.html. Liquids that dissolve other substances (solutes), generally solids, without any change in chemical composition, as, water containing sugar. McDonald (eds.). Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. The mutagenicity of tetrachloroethene (tetra) and its S conjugate, S-(1,2,2-trichlorovinyl)glutathione (TCVG) was investigated using a modified Ames preincubation assay. Urine samples were collected at the beginning of the workshift and at the end of the first half of the shift. Biological half-life for fat stores was 71.5 hr. Video clip id 1013172725. Inhibition of ICa by TOL was confirmed in primary cultures of cortical neurons, where 827 uM TOL inhibited current by 61%. Volumes 1: New York, NY. Other major industrial uses of tetrachloroethylene in Canada during 1990 included the cleaning and degreasing of metals (1.4 kilotonnes) and the production of chlorofluorocarbons (2.2 kilotonnes). The main pathway is oxidative and occurs in the liver, the first step being epoxidation by cytochrome P450 to tetrachloro-oxirane, resulting in trichloroacetic acid as the major metabolite. (eds.) Estimates of lifetime in the atmosphere vary, but a 1987 survey estimated the lifetime in the air to be about 2 months in the Southern Hemisphere and 5–6 months in the Northern Hemisphere. Poisoning-Toxicology, Symptoms, Treatments. The relationship among dose, metabolism and hepatotoxicity in mice which resulted from subchronic exposure to the chlorinated solvents trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene were examined. Other names for tetrachloroethylene include perchloroethylene, perc, PCE, and tetrachloroethene. The structures of the identified metabolites indicate two different pathways operative in Tetra biotransformation: cytochrome P-450-mediated epoxidation forming reactive metabolites in the liver and conjugation of Tetra with glutathione (GSH) catalyzed by glutathione transferase(s). It can also be rapidly absorbed through the skin, but dermal absorption appears to be a less important route of exposure. Risk assessment. Concentrations of TRI, TETRA, free trichloroethanol (TCOH), total TCOH (free TCOH plus glucuronidated TCOH), and trichloroacetic acid (TCA) were determined in blood and urine; TRI and TETRA concentrations were measured in alveolar breath. For these reasons, it is widely used in dry cleaning. The disposition of an absorbed dose of tetrachloroethylene occurs primarily through pulmonary excretion; metabolism is less important than for other chlorinated solvents, such as trichloroethylene. Two biotransformation pathways operate. Some radioactivity was also found in the lung, heart, and adrenals. If dams were exposed on day 17 of pregnancy, levels in the fetal brain were lower than in other organs. Readily absorbed through the lung and to a much smaller degree through skin or mucous membranes or following ingestion. It has a sweet odor detectable by most people at a concentration of 1 part per million (1 ppm). Plasma albumin adducted with the trichloro derivative, indicating metabolism by the CYP pathway, was found in rats and humans exposed to tetrachloroethylene at 40 ppm for 6 hours. Approximately 3% was excreted as carbon dioxide, and approximately 23% was excreted in the urine and feces as nonvolatile metabolites. The second and third share a starting point: direct conjugation with glutathione to S-(1,2,2-trichlorovinyl)glutathione (TCVG) and then further processing to S-(1,2,2-trichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine (TCVC). Properties •Colorless. /Former/, VET: Restrict dietary fat within 2 days before and after use to avoid enhanced absorption of this fat sol liver toxicant. The magnitude of the ethnic differences observed in this study was relatively small, and factors such as differences in body size and other physiological parameters, including differences in various enzyme systems in biotransformation, may all be contributing factors. In short-term exposures of laying hens, via the feed, tetrachloroethylene was mainly deposited in fat and fat-containing tissues. Qualitatively, TRI and TETRA toxicokinetics were consistent with previous human studies. The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 5th ed. A chemical structure of a molecule includes the arrangement of atoms and the chemical bonds that hold the atoms together. The formation of reactive intermediates by renal processing of the glutathione conjugates may provide a molecular mechanism for the nephrotoxicity and nephrocarcinogenicity of Tetra in male rats. Get a 6.000 second tetrachloroethylene molecule. General Information. Tetrachloroethene concentrations in the amniotic fluid were 6-14% of those in maternal blood. 80 to 100% of the total uptake of tetracholorethylene in volunteers exposed by inhalation at 72 or 144 ppm for 4 hours was excreted unchanged via the lungs. The biological half-life of tetrachloroethylene metabolites (as measured as total trichloro-compounds) is 144 hours. Klaassen, and M. D. Amdur (eds.). It is widely used as a solvent in the dry-cleaning and vapor-degreasing industry; as solvents for fats, greases, waxes, rubber, gums, and ... Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) excretion by rats was about 23 fold that of humans; or humans excreted about 4.4% of the amount excreted by rats. For these reasons, it is widely used in dry cleaning. It is widely used as an agent for dry cleaning that’s why it is also known as ‘dry cleaning fluid’. [17][18][19][20], Tetrachloroethylene exposure has been linked to pronounced acquired color vision deficiencies after chronic exposure.[21]. Treatment with this agent is more effective against Necator americanus than against Ancylostoma duodenale ... /Former use/, Goodman, L.S., and A. Gilman. Tetrachloroethene is a manufactured chemical that is widely used in the dry-cleaning of fabrics, including clothes. The systemic toxicity and the presence of tetrachloroethene and its metabolites in the blood and urine of humans who accidentally ingested tetrachloroethene suggest that it is readily absorbed through the human gastrointestinal tract. Tetrachloroethylene [un1897] [poison], 130. Animal studies and a study of 99 twins showed there is a "lot of circumstantial evidence" that exposure to tetrachloroethylene increases the risk of developing Parkinson's disease ninefold. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1975., p. 1032, VET: At one time it was used fairly extensively against gi parasites of ruminants. A small portion of the dose (less than 3%) may be converted to CO2 and exhaled. The International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified tetrachloroethylene as a Group 2A carcinogen, which means that it is probably carcinogenic to humans. Elimination is slow (biological half-life of 65 hours for exhaled perchloroethylene) because of continuing release of perchloroethylene from fat stores. It is degraded by reductive dechlorination under anaerobic conditions, with degradation products such as trichloroethylene, dichloroethylene, vinyl chloride, ethylene, and ethane.[25]. NTP; Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Tetrachloroethylene p.19 Report #311 (1986) NIH Pub# 86-2567, Once in the bloodstream, tetrachloroethylene tends to distribute to body fat. In contrast to previous results, trace amounts of unchanged tetrachloroethylene were detected in the urine besides trichloroacetic acid and trichloroethanol. It is a colorless liquid widely used for dry cleaning of fabrics, hence it is sometimes called "dry-cleaning fluid". Tetrachloroethene (PCE) is a persistent chlorinated volatile organic compound (Cl-VOC) widely released from industrial processes like dry cleaning, textile processing, and metal degreasing [1,2].Due to its hydrophobicity, volatility, and mobility [], PCE exists extensively in several major drainage basins [4,5] and marine sediments []. Several other minor metabolites have been found, including oxalic acid, dichloroacetic acid, ethylene glycol, trichloroacetyl amide, trichloroacetylaminoethanol, thioethers, and carbon dioxide. Only a small part of the applied dose was transformed to urinary (rats = 2.3%, mice = 7.1%) and fecal (rats = 2.0%, mice = 0.5%) metabolites. Regardless of the route of exposure, only l-3% of the absorbed tetrachloroethylene is metabolized to trichloroacetic acid (TCA) by humans, and the metabolism of tetrachloroethylene is saturable ... Dekant W et al; J Biochem Toxicol 1 (2): 57-72 (1986). Asians exhibited significantly lower peak trichloroacetic acid concentrations and AUC values in urine but higher tetrachloroethene concentrations in expired breath and blood than Caucasians (considered consistent with a slower rate of metabolism in Asians), and there were distributional differences between the two ethnic groups. Estimates state that 85% of tetrachloroethylene produced is released into the atmosphere; while models from OECD assumed that 90% is released into the air and 10% to water. [13] [14], The U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has compiled extensive health and safety information for tetrachloroethylene,[15][16] including recommendations for dry cleaning establishments. [11] Also, tetrachloroethylene has been shown to cause liver tumors in mice and kidney tumors in male rats. /From table/, Doull, J., C.D. (eds.) (NCI05). 2nd ed. These aerosol automotive products may be used by the public, as well as by professionals. Volatile radioactivity in the fetus was always lower than in the corresponding maternal tissues and was not detected by 4 hr following exposure. Trichloroethylene is a major byproduct, which is separated by distillation. 4-01-00-00715 (beilstein Handbook Reference), MEDICATION (VET): After the advent of phenothiazine ... little use has been made of the chlorinated hydrocarbons ... /as a ruminant anthelmintic/. The beta-lyase pathway: Tetrachloroethylene is conjugated with glutathione to S-(1,2,2-trichlorovinyl) glutathione and is later processed by gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and aminopeptidase to S-(1,2,2-trichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine (TCVC). I. Watts, Peter. The elimination of tetrachloroethylene in expired air ranged from 50 to 150 ppm (339 to 1,017 mg/cu m) for up to 8 hr. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. After oral dosing in animals, peak blood tetrachloroethylene concentrations are typically reached within 15-30 min, and systemic bioavailability is typically greater than 80%; once absorbed, tetrachloroethylene is rapidly distributed throughout the body, and well-perfused tissues reach a pseudoequilibrium with blood within a few minutes. and Drew, R.H. Elimination of unchanged Tetra was the main pathway of elimination in both species and amounted to 91.2% of the dose in rats and 85.1% in mice. The National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001. Cleveland: The Chemical Rubber Co., 1969., p. 381, Metabolites: trichloroacetic acid; trichloroethanol; inorg chloride; trans-1,2-dichloroethylene in expired air. Observations were compared with predictions, and the models were modified based on ethnic differences in physiological parameters. 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane is used primarily as a feedstock for the production of solvents such as trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene. 125. In microsomal fractions from the liver and kidney of all three species, enzymatic formation of S-(1,2,2-trichlorovinyl)glutathione from tetrachloroethene could not be observed. Tetrachloroethylene exposure can be evaluated by a breath test, analogous to breath-alcohol measurements. Larger population studies are planned. The rate of total urinary tetrachloroethylene metabolites excreted by workers occupationally exposed to tetrachloroethylene appeared to plateau when air concentrations approached 100 ppm. In Europe, the Scientific Committee on Occupational Exposure Limits (SCOEL) recommends for tetrachloroethylene an occupational exposure limit (8 hour time-weighted average) of 20 ppm and a short-term exposure limit (15 min) of 40 ppm.[22]. Quantitatively, alveolar retention and clearance by exhalation were similar to those found previously but blood and urine data suggest a number of possible toxicokinetic differences. NMRI mice were orally exposed to tetrachloroethylene at 0.05 or 0.1 mg/kg per day ... tetrachloroethylene was found to accumulate in the spleen. (ed.). Much work has focused on differences between humans and rats, particularly on differences that would influence the human risk of renal cancer that has been observed in rat bioassays. The results are listed in Table II. Unmetabolized tetrachloroethylene was found in the fetoplacental unit following inhalation exposure of pregnant 657BL/6N mice to radioactive tetrachloroethylene for 10 minutes or 1 hour. V(1/2, act) was shifted from approximately -2 mV in control to -11, -12, and -16 mV by TOL, TCE, and PERC, respectively. Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Structure, properties, spectra, suppliers and links for: Tetrachloroethylene, perchloroethylene, Tetrachloroethene, 127-18-4. At +10-mV test potentials, VOCs inhibited ICa, whereas at test potentials of -20 and -10 mV, they potentiated it. The enzymatic rates of formation of S-(1,2,2-trichlorovinyl)glutathione in liver and kidney subcellular fractions from rats, mice, and both sexes of humans have been compared. In order to provide a better basis for understanding their toxicokinetics at environmental exposures, seven human volunteers were exposed by inhalation to 1 ppm of TRI or TETRA for 6 hr, with biological samples collected for analysis during exposure and up to 6 days postexposure. 5th ed. The excretion via blood and lungs occurred at 3 different rate constants with half-lives of 12-16 hr, 30-40 hr, and about 55 hr, respectively, 20, 50, and 100 hr after exposure. It is used as a solvent for many organic substances, in dry cleaning processes, as a metal degreaser, as an intermediate in the synthesis of certain fluorocarbons, and in the textile industry (Fuller 1976). [5] By 1993, the volume produced in the United States had dropped to 123,000 metric tons (271 million lb).[6]. Trichloroethylene (TRI) and tetrachloroethylene (TETRA) are solvents that have been widely used in a variety of industries, and both are widespread environmental contaminants. Tetrachloroethylene - toxicity. It is also used as a starting material (building block) for making other chemicals and is used in some consumer products. Tetrachloroethylene is an organic chemical compound with the molecular formula C2Cl4. 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